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Zarnegary

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 The Persian word زرنگاری  "Zarnegary" meaning gilding, is one of the ancient arts of Iran and is used for the decorative layout of the Holy Quran, poems written by great poets such as the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, the Golestan of Saadi, the  Divans of Hafez and Khayyam, and miniatures. The Zarnagar artist attempts to create a spiritual and transcendental ambiance by mixing calligraphy and gilding in a magnificent and balanced composition. Gilding art, like painting, features different styles such as Seljuk, Bukhara, Timurid, Safavid and Qajar, which show the color palette and design tastes of historical periods. The Zarnegary of Iran in the 10th century was rather minimalist, but it gradually became more complicated and magnificent.
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The history of propaganda in the fifth and fourth century Greco-Persian

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Cyrus the Great The use of propaganda in the fifth and fourth century Greco-Persian world—rich in symbols, customs, and beliefs—offers a fascinating lens through which to study human interaction. Drawing on a wide array of mediums, from costumes and rock engravings to coinage and architectural reliefs, both Persian and Greek propagandists sought to persuade their audiences to accept, often uncritically, their particular version of "truth" or to rally around a "common cause" as defined by the propagator of the message. A key tactic in this process was the creation of quasi-facts: statements crafted to appear logically sound, offering just enough plausibility to anchor emotionally or ideologically charged propositions. Among the most potent tools in this persuasive arsenal were costumes—deeply embedded expressions of cultural identity and social distinction. Far from being mere garments, costumes functioned as powerful visual communicators, evoking emotional r...
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